Study of Health in Pomerode (SHIP-Brazil): aims, methodological issues and descriptive results / Estudo Vida e Saúde em Pomerode (SHIP-Brazil): objetivos, aspectos metodológicos e resultados descritivos

Background Few studies compared populations with similar genetic and culture background on different continents with standardized methods. Objective To describe methodological issues of the Study of Health in Pomerode - SHIP-Brazil and some characteristics of the participants of the baseline examination. Design and Setting Prospective, population-based cohort study of a representative sample of residents (aged 20 to 79 years) of Pomerode, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods Data for the baseline survey (from 2014 to 2018) were collected through interviews and medical examinations, including socio-demographic and lifestyle information, clinical and subclinical conditions, oral and mental health, among others. Biosamples (blood, urine, stool, and saliva) were collected and stored. Methods of data collection and quality control are described. Preliminary descriptive statistics were performed. Results The response rate was 67.6% (n=2,488 individuals). The Kappa test-retest of some variables varied from 0.54 to 1.0. German culture participants are older (46.5 vs 38.7 years), self-declared white (97.3% vs 82.1%), more frequently never smokers (71.4% vs 66.9%) but had higher risk of consuming alcohol (16.9% vs 13.4%) compared to participants with non-German background. Germans were taller (169 cm vs 166 cm), had greater abdominal circumference among men (101.9 cm vs 97.3 cm). Furthermore, they reported more multimorbidity (56.7% vs 43.6%) , had more arterial hypertension (30.7% vs 18.5%), but less depression (15.4% vs 19,1%) than non-Germans. Conclusions The interaction of genetic and social/environmental issues should be examined to understand the role of risk factors on clinical conditions observed.

Introdução Poucos estudos compararam populações com histórico genético e cultural semelhante em diferentes continentes com métodos padronizados. Objetivos Descrever questões metodológicas do estudo de "Vida e Saúde em Pomerode - SHIP-Brazil" e algumas características dos participantes do exame inicial do estudo. Desenho de estudo e local Estudo de coorte prospectivo de base populacional em amostra representativa de moradores (20 a 79 anos) de Pomerode, Santa Catarina. Métodos As informações para a linha de base (de 2014 a 2018) foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas e exames médicos, incluindo dados sociodemográficos, de estilo de vida, condições clínicas e subclínicas, saúde bucal e mental, entre outros. Amostras biológicas (sangue, urina, fezes e saliva) foram coletadas e armazenadas. A coleta de dados e o controle de qualidade foram descritos. Foram realizadas análises descritivas preliminares. Resultados A taxa de resposta foi de 67,6% (n=2.488 indivíduos). O Kappa teste-reteste de algumas variáveis variou  de 0,54 a 1,0. Os participantes de cultura alemã são mais velhos (46,5 vs 38,7 anos ), autodeclarados brancos (97,3% vs 82,1%), com menor número de fumantes (71,4% vs 66,9%), mas tiveram maior risco de consumir álcool (16,9% vs 13,4%), eram mais altos (169 cm vs 166 cm), tinham maior circunferência abdominal entre os homens (101,9 cm vs 97,3 cm) em comparação com participantes "não-alemães". Pessoas de cultura alemã relataram mais multimorbidade (56,7% vs 43,6%), apresentavam mais hipertensão arterial (30,7% vs 18,5%), mas menos depressão (15,4% vs 19,1%). Conclusões A interação genética e social/ambiental devem ser examinadas para melhor entender o papel desses fatores de risco nas condições clínicas observadas.

Ischemic Heart Disease in German Immigrants and Their Descendants in a Region of Southern Brazil: A Comparison of Initial Symptoms Reported between two Generations

Abstract Background Nothing is known about ischemic heart disease (IHD) in the Germans who emigrated to Brazil during the last century. Objective We sought to compare age at diagnosis and IHD manifestations between German immigrants and their first-generation descendants in the region of Blumenau, Brazil. Methods We reviewed medical records of hospitals in Blumenau. Comparison of the groups in the evaluation times was made by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, and comparison of two factors was made by two-way ANOVA. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. Results Study population comprised 68 patients who were born in Germany (group G) and 99 descendants (group D). Twenty-nine patients of group D had two German parents and 70 had one. Mean age at diagnosis was 66.8 ± 10.6 years, with a significant difference between the groups, four years higher in Group G than group D (69.0 ± 8.8 vs 65.4 ± 11.5 years old) (p = 0.025). There was no significant difference in risk factors or coronary angiography data between the groups. HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in group G than in group D (48.4 ± 11.1 mg/dL vs 43.3 ± 11.2 mg/dL, p = 0.005). Conclusion At the time of first IHD diagnosis, mean age of the group G was significantly higher than group D, with no differences between groups in sex, risk factors, LDL levels, or clinical and angiographic manifestations. An earlier manifestation of the disease could be part of lifestyle changes in descendants, in this population that mantained eating habits characterized by high saturated fat consumption.

(In)conformidades na mensuração da pressão arterial na atenção primária / (In)conformities in blood pressure measurement in primary health care

Resumo Introdução A inacurada mensuração da pressão arterial (MPA) pode gerar resultados prejudiciais às pessoas e ao sistema de saúde. Objetivo Avaliar o processo e a estrutura de MPA realizadas por profissionais de enfermagem em Unidades de Atenção Primária (UAP) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de Blumenau. Método Estudo avaliativo transversal de 16 etapas do processo de 381 MPA, definidas nas VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão e análise de aspectos físico-estruturais de 18 UAP. Resultados Os níveis médios ruído foram 60,4 ± 7,4 dB, a temperatura média de 22,8 °C ± 1,9. Os esfigmomanômetros não eram aferidos e calibrados semestralmente em 16 das 18 unidades. Das 16 etapas, apenas seis tiveram conformidade maior de 70% e quatro etapas tiveram zero de conformidade. Destaca-se o uso de braçadeira inapropriada (32%) e somente quatro medidas sistólicas e 11 diastólicas não terminavam em dígito zero. Dentre os mensuradores, 77,1% informaram nunca terem recebido treinamento prévio em MPA pelo SUS. Conclusões A estrutura e o processo de MPA nas UAP apresentaram inconformidades na maioria das etapas recomendadas. Os gestores locais devem prover condições estruturais e tecnológicas adequadas a correta MPA de modo a evitar danos às pessoas e gastos desnecessário para o SUS.

Abstract Introduction Inaccurate blood pressure measurement (BPM) can produce harmful results for people and the health system. Objective To evaluate the process and the BPM structure performed by nursing professionals in Primary Care Units (PCU) of the Unified Health System (SUS) of Blumenau-SC. Method Cross-sectional evaluation study of 16 stages of the 381 MPA process defined in the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension and analysis of physical and structural aspects of PCU 18. Results The average of noise were 60.4 ± 7.4 dB, the average temperature was 22.8 °C ± 1.9. The sphygmomanometers were not checked and calibrated every six months in 16 of the 18 units. Of the 16 steps, only six had higher compliance than 70% and accordingly had four steps of zero. Noteworthy is the use of inappropriate bracket (32%) and only 4 systolic and 11 diastolic did not end in zero digit. Nurses reported that 77.1% never had received prior training in BPM by SUS. Conclusions The structure and process of BMP presented unconformities in most recommended steps. Local managers should provide structural and technological conditions appropriate to correct BPM in order to prevent damage to people and unnecessary expenses for SUS.

Adequacy of sphygmomanometer cuff to brachial circumference of people attended in Primary Health Care Centers. / Adequação do manguito do esfigmomanômetro às medidas de circunferência braquial em pessoas atendidas na Atenção Primária.

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the adequacy of sphygmomanometer cuff to brachial circumference (BC) of individuals treated at Primary Health Care Centers. METHODS:: Epidemiological, observational, and quantitative cross-sectional study. A total of 381 blood pressure (BP) readings conducted by nursing professionals were observed at 18 service units selected by drawing, considering two modalities of care centers. The correct use of the cuff was the main outcome variable. The BC was measured using inelastic measuring tape. The tests used for statistical analysis were Student's t-test, χ2, or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS:: The measurement of BC ranged from 19.5 to 45.0 cm (mean = 30.4; standard deviation - SD = 4.3). Among the BP measurements, 218 (57.2%) of them were conducted with the appropriately sized cuff, being more frequent in the units with Family Health Teams (59.6 versus 40.4; p < 0.001). Ninety-three (24.2%) BC measurements were < 27 cm and 63 (16.5%) were > 34 cm. The adult cuff was used correctly 209 (59.4%) times and the large adult cuff was used correctly 9 (31.0%) times. CONCLUSION:: The study found an inadequacy in the use of the cuff in 42.8% of blood pressure readings in the Primary Health Care Centers. Similar studies should be performed in other cities and areas to estimate the effect of this problem in the diagnosis and monitoring of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).

Adequação do manguito do esfigmomanômetro às medidas de circunferência braquial em pessoas atendidas na Atenção Primária / Adequacy of sphygmomanometer cuff to brachial circumference of people attended in Primary Health Care Centers

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação do manguito às medidas de circunferência braquial (CB) em pessoas atendidas na Atenção Primária. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico do tipo transversal observacional e quantitativo. Foram observadas 381 medidas de pressão arterial (PA), realizadas por profissionais de enfermagem, em 18 serviços de Atenção Primária selecionados por sorteio, considerando 2 modalidades de atenção. O uso correto do manguito foi a principal variável de desfecho. A CB foi medida com fita métrica inelástica. Para análise estatística das variáveis foram utilizados os testes t de Student, χ2 ou exato de Fisher. Resultados: A medida de CB variou de 19,5 a 45,0 cm (média = 30,4; desvio padrão - DP = 4,3). Observou-se que 218 (57,2%) das medidas foram executadas com o manguito adequado, com maior frequência nas unidades com Equipes de Saúde da Família (59,6 versus 40,4; p < 0,001). Constatou-se 93 (24,2%) medidas de CB < 27 cm e 63 (16,5%) medidas de CB > 34 cm. O manguito adulto foi usado corretamente 209 (59,4%) vezes e o manguito adulto grande, 9 (31,0%) vezes. Conclusão: O estudo constatou uma inadequação no uso do manguito em 42,8% das medidas de PA na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Estudos semelhantes em serviços de outras cidades e regiões devem ser realizados para estimar a magnitude do problema para o diagnóstico e monitoramento de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS).

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the adequacy of sphygmomanometer cuff to brachial circumference (BC) of individuals treated at Primary Health Care Centers. Methods: Epidemiological, observational, and quantitative cross-sectional study. A total of 381 blood pressure (BP) readings conducted by nursing professionals were observed at 18 service units selected by drawing, considering two modalities of care centers. The correct use of the cuff was the main outcome variable. The BC was measured using inelastic measuring tape. The tests used for statistical analysis were Student’s t-test, χ2, or Fisher’s exact test. Results: The measurement of BC ranged from 19.5 to 45.0 cm (mean = 30.4; standard deviation - SD = 4.3). Among the BP measurements, 218 (57.2%) of them were conducted with the appropriately sized cuff, being more frequent in the units with Family Health Teams (59.6 versus 40.4; p < 0.001). Ninety-three (24.2%) BC measurements were < 27 cm and 63 (16.5%) were > 34 cm. The adult cuff was used correctly 209 (59.4%) times and the large adult cuff was used correctly 9 (31.0%) times. Conclusion: The study found an inadequacy in the use of the cuff in 42.8% of blood pressure readings in the Primary Health Care Centers. Similar studies should be performed in other cities and areas to estimate the effect of this problem in the diagnosis and monitoring of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).